Multi-dimensional image reconstruction

ABSTRACT

Apparatus for radiation based imaging of a non-homogenous target area having distinguishable regions therein, comprises: an imaging unit configured to obtain radiation intensity data from a target region in the spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension, and an image four-dimension analysis unit analyzes the intensity data in the spatial dimension and said at least one other dimension in order to map the distinguishable regions. The system typically detects rates of change over time in signals from radiopharmaceuticals and uses the rates of change to identify the tissues. In a preferred embodiment, two or more radiopharmaceuticals are used, the results of one being used as a constraint on the other.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present Application is a continuation of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/034,007, filed Jan. 13, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/535,830, filed Jan. 13, 2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to multi-dimensional image reconstruction and, more particularly, but not exclusively to such image reconstruction based on a diffuse radioactive source or sources.

Radiological imaging is generally carried out on a living target, which of course means a mix of tissues in close proximity, if not actually overlapping. The general procedure is to feed the patient with one or more radioactive markers prior to the imaging process. The radioactive markers are taken up by the digestive system and pass into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream the marker passes into the different tissues at varying rates depending on the tissue type. Some tissues absorb markers faster than others and some tissues absorb certain markers faster than others. Furthermore certain tissues flush out the markers faster than others, and again the rate of flushing out may also depend on the kind of marker being used.

As a result, radioactive marking in fact creates a dynamic system in the body in which the relative darkness of a given tissue is related to a time factor. The radiologist knows that if he wants a good image of say the liver following application of a given marker then he should wait a certain number of hours from application of the marker before taking the image. Even so, the liver is not differentiated clearly from the other tissues.

Examples of radiopharmaceuticals include monoclonal antibodies or other agents, e.g., fibrinogen or fluorodeoxyglucose, tagged with a radioactive isotope, e.g., 99Mtechnetium, 67gallium, 201thallium, 111indium, 123iodine, 125iodine and 18fluorine, which may be administered orally or intravenously. The radiopharmaceuticals are designed to concentrate in the area of a tumor, and the uptake of such radiopharmaceuticals in the active part of a tumor, or other pathologies such as an inflammation, is higher and more rapid than in the tissue that neighbors the tumor. Thereafter, a radiation-emission-measuring-probe, which may be configured for extracorporeal or intracorporeal use, is employed for locating the position of the active area. Another application is the detection of blood clots with radiopharmaceuticals such as ACUTECT from Nycomed Amersham for the detection of newly formed thrombosis in veins, or clots in arteries of the heart or brain, in an emergency or operating room. Yet other applications include radioimaging of myocardial infarct using agents such as radioactive anti-myosin antibodies, radioimaging specific cell types using radioactively tagged molecules (also known as molecular imaging), etc.

The usual preferred emission for such applications is that of gamma rays, which emission is in the energy range of approximately 11-511 KeV. Beta radiation and positrons may also be detected.

Radioactive-emission imaging is performed with a radioactive-emission-measuring detector, such as a room temperature, solid-state CdZnTe (CZT) detector, which is among the more promising that is currently available. It may be configured as a single-pixel or a multi-pixel detector, and may be obtained, for example, from eV Products, a division of II-VI Corporation, Saxonburg Pa., 16056, or from IMARAD IMAGING SYSTEMS LTD., of Rehovot, ISRAEL, 76124, www.imarad.com, or from another source. Alternatively, another solid-state detector such as CdTe, HgI, Si, Ge, or the like, or a combination of a scintillation detector (such as NaI(TI), LSO, GSO, CsI, CaF, or the like) and a photomultiplier, or another detector as known, may be used.

Considering the issue in greater detail, certain biological or chemical substances such as targeted peptides, monoclonal antibodies and others, are used for tagging specific living molecules for diagnostic purposes. Ideally, these antibodies are specific to the desired type of cells, based on adhering only to specific molecular structures in which the antigene matching the antibody is highly expressed. The use of imaging devices such as a nuclear gamma probe or a visual video probe can detect radiation emanating from taggants such as radionuclei or fluorescent dies that have been appended to the antibody before being delivered to the living body. An example is a cancerous cell of a prostate tumor on whose membrane there is an over expression of the Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA). When a monoclonal antibody (Mab) such as Capromab Pendetide (commercially available as ProstaScint manufactured by Cytogen Corp.) is labeled with radioactive Indium (In 111) and is systemically delivered to the body, the Mab is carried by the blood stream and upon reaching the prostate tissue, adheres to the PSMA. The high energy radiation photons emitted by the radioactive Indium can be detected using a nuclear camera, indicating the presence and the specific location of the tumor.

Unfortunately, given the complexity of living organisms, in many instances the same antigen is also expressed in more than just the tissue under investigation. The antibody will thus also “paint” additional tissues such as infection areas, in addition to the tissue of interest. The radioactive readings taken from this additional tissue will be falsely interpreted as tumor areas, reducing the specificity of the test being performed.

The ‘Target to Background’ ratio that characterizes every such antibody for a given target cell type is one of the major issues that determine the ability to perform proper diagnosis, and guided procedures.

Since the uptake clearance of such a marker by the various tissues (target and background) varies over time, standard diagnosis protocols usually recommend taking an image at the time at which the ratio of Target emission vs. Background emission is the highest.

In an experimental system tried out by researchers, two markers were supplied to various patients and then images were taken at successive intervals for each of the markers. Certain features in the target areas showed up clearly in all images, other features were clear for all images of one marker but faded in and faded out for the other marker, and yet other features faded in and out for both markers but at different times. The researchers were able to use their knowledge of the behaviors of the two markers with different tissues in order to identify the features in the images.

The above system therefore relies on the knowledge of the researchers to put together information received from multiple images into an understanding of what the radio-imaging shows. In the general hospital environment it is not possible to guarantee that the necessary expertise is available, at least not for the amount of time that such a system would require.

There is thus a widely recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have, a radiological imaging system devoid of the above limitations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for radiation based imaging and analysis of a non-homogenous target area having distinguishable regions therein, the apparatus comprising:

an imaging unit configured to obtain radiation emission data from said target region in the spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension, and

an image multi-dimensional analysis unit associated with said imaging unit for analyzing said obtained emission data in said spatial dimensions and said at least one other dimension in order to discern patterns across said dimensions.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for radiation based imaging of a non-homogenous target area having distinguishable regions therein, the apparatus comprising:

an imaging unit configured to obtain radiation emission data from said target region in the spatial dimensions and a time dimension, and

an image multi-dimensional analysis unit associated with said imaging unit for analyzing said obtained emission data in said spatial dimensions and said time dimension in order to discern at least one property from a time profile of a marker in said distinguishable regions of said target area.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for radiation based imaging and analysis of a target area, the apparatus comprising:

an imaging unit configured to obtain radiation emission data from said target region in the spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension, and

an image multi-dimensional analysis unit associated with said imaging unit for analyzing said obtained emission data in said spatial dimensions and said at least one other dimension in order to discern patterns within a respective target region.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of radiation based imaging, comprising:

acquiring data;

reconstructing an image from said data;

automatically detecting at least one region, in said image; and

automatic controlling at least one of said acquiring and said reconstructing to generate an improved image, based on said detecting.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for improved tomographic reconstruction of radiation intensities, comprising:

initially reconstructing at least one distinguishable region from said radiation intensities

extracting parameters associated with different properties of said reconstructed distinguishable region;

classifying said at least one reconstructed distinguishable region by the extracted parameters associated therewith;

iteratively using the classification of said extracted parameters to improve delimitation of said classified reconstructed distinguishable region, thereby to improve reconstruction thereof.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of optimization of therapy of the human or animal body, comprising:

identifying a target region for said therapy;

applying to a patient at least one radioactive marker;

obtaining radiation emission data from said target region in the spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension, and

analyzing said obtained emission data in spatial dimensions and at at least one other dimension in order to discern patterns across said dimensions, thereby to characterize said target region, and

optimizing said therapy based on said characterization.

According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for multi-dimensional image reconstruction based on data acquired from an imaging unit for obtaining radiation intensity data from a target region in the spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension, the apparatus comprising:

an image four-dimension analysis unit configured to analyze said obtained intensity data in said spatial dimension and said at least one other dimension in order to map at least one distinguishable region in terms of a property, said property being that of at least one member of the group comprising a tissue, a disease, a disease stage and a physiological process.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Implementation of the method and system of the present invention involves performing or completing certain selected tasks or steps manually, automatically, or a combination thereof. Moreover, according to actual instrumentation and equipment of preferred embodiments of the method and system of the present invention, several selected steps could be implemented by hardware or by software on any operating system of any firmware or a combination thereof. For example, as hardware, selected steps of the invention could be implemented as a chip or a circuit. As software, selected steps of the invention could be implemented as a plurality of software instructions being executed by a computer using any suitable operating system. In any case, selected steps of the method and system of the invention could be described as being performed by a data processor, such as a computing platform for executing a plurality of instructions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and are presented in order to provide what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram showing a single detector detecting over a target region;

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram showing two detector positions (not necessarily simultaneously) allowing three-dimensional information to be obtained from a target region;

FIGS. 3A-3D show a series of four time absorption characteristics for different radiopharmaceuticals within different tissues;

FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram showing a device for driving an imaging head and allowing control of the imaging head by the image analyzer device;

FIG. 5 is a simplified flow chart illustrating the image analysis process carried out by the analyzer in FIG. 4 in the case of a single marker;

FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate two sets of successive images of the same target area taken using two different markers respectively, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7A is a simplified flow chart illustrating a procedure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention using two or more markers for first of all identifying an organ and then secondly determining the presence or otherwise of a pathology within that organ;

FIG. 7B is a simplified flow chart showing a generalization of FIG. 7A for the general case of two specific patterns;

FIG. 8 is a simplified flow chart illustrating a procedure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention using two or more markers for identifying a region of low emissivity within a target area and using that identification to control imaging resources to better image the identified region; and

FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate two sets of successive images of the same target area taken using two different markers, in a similar way to that shown in FIG. 6, except that this time the regions of interest are one inside the other.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present embodiments comprise an apparatus and a method for radiation based imaging of a non-homogenous target area having regions of different material or tissue type or pathology. The imaging uses multi-dimensional data of the target area in order to distinguish the different regions. Typically the multi-dimensional data involves time as one of the dimensions. A radioactive marker has particular time-absorption characteristics which are specific for the different tissues, and the imaging device is programmed to constrain its imaging to a particular characteristic.

The result is not merely an image which concentrates on the tissue of interest but also, because it is constrained to the tissue of interest, is able to concentrate imaging resources on that tissue and thus produce a higher resolution image than the prior art systems which are completely tissue blind.

The principles and operation of a radiological imaging system according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying description.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which illustrates a simple Geiger counter taking an image of a target according to the prior art. Geiger counter 10 is placed in association with target 12 and absorbs any radioactive particles that come its way. In general the radioactive particles arriving at the Geiger counter arrive from somewhere within cone 14. The Geiger counter has no information as to the depth from which the particle comes and cannot even distinguish between particles arriving from different directions within the cone. Thus in principle the prior art Geiger counter gives low resolution one dimensional information.

If the counter is now moved to different positions over the surface of the target then the data from the different positions can be built up into a low resolution two-dimensional image.

One way of increasing the resolution of the Geiger counter is to make it smaller. Then the cone, whilst retaining the same geometry, gives higher resolution data.

The detector takes (y_(t))_(t=1) ^(T) samples to form a data set, which would typically be a two-dimensional image of the target from a given direction.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a simplified diagram showing how three-dimensional information can be obtained from the target. Parts that are the same as in previous figures are given the same reference numerals and are not referred to again except as necessary for understanding the present embodiment. A second Geiger counter 16 is placed essentially at right angles to the first Geiger counter and obtains a similar kind of image to the first Geiger counter. However, since the two cones overlap, the images produced can be cross-correlated to infer the presence of hot or cold radiation sources in three dimensions.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a sequence of graphs illustrating the different absorption characteristics for different tissues of a given radioactive marker. Typical markers that may be considered are Thalium 201 and Technitium 99. FIG. 3 a indicates a typical absorption characteristic of thalium 201 for blood, thalium 201 being a particularly good marker for blood. The marker is generally absorbed by the blood fairly rapidly following digestion and then gradually disappears as it is taken up by the various tissues and organs including the kidneys. Marker material from the tissues eventually finds its way back into the blood for excretion. That which is absorbed by the kidneys is excreted directly and not seen again.

FIGS. 3B, 3C and 3D show time absorption characteristics for technitium 99 for different tissues, and it will be seen that the characteristic is generally curved but peaks at different times for the different tissues.

The principle on which the present embodiments are based is as follows: Considering the graphs in FIG. 3, it will be apparent that a region belonging to a single tissue will behave in a uniform manner as regards signal intensity. That is to say, a given marker will be taken up and then expelled at the same rate over a given tissue, whereas this rate will be different for other tissues. If therefore a series of successive images are taken of the target and the images are analyzed region by region for rates of change of intensity, a particular desired region can be identified by virtue of having rates of change in intensity that fit with a given characteristic. The regions are distinguishable in this way even if the region of interest is heavily overlapped with other regions.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which shows apparatus for radiation-based imaging of a non-homogenous target area. Apparatus 20 comprises an imaging unit 22 which itself consists of a series of small Geiger counters 24.1 . . . 24.n arranged on an imaging head. The imaging unit is controlled by motion controller 26 to take readings from different locations around the target area. Preferably, the motion of the imaging head is controlled by software via servo-motors. In addition the motions, either of the individual Geiger counters or of groupings of the Geiger counters, is also controlled by software via servo-motors.

In a preferred embodiment, the signals received from the individual Geiger counters are summed to form a three-dimensional image of the target area. The skilled person will appreciate that the system could also be based on a two-dimensional image. In either case, the signals are fed to an image analyzer 28, where the signals are analyzed to form images.

In the preferred embodiments, the image analyzer is able to use the marker take up characteristics to compare successive images and identify regions of particular interest, and then to concentrate imaging resources on those regions. That is to say the image analyzer is in fact able to control further operation of the imager.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating the image analysis process carried out by analyzer 28 in the case of a single marker. Preferably a series of images of the same views are taken at different times, stage 30, and a three-dimensional overall image of the target is formed for each time. The analyzer then analyzes each of the three-dimensional overall images for local intensities at different locations around the target, stage 32. The local intensities are noted and the same locations on the different images are superimposed in stage 34. From the superpositioning, local rates of change of intensity between the images may be obtained in stage 36. The rates of change are compared with the pre-obtained characteristics for the marker with the different tissues in stage 38, and the data are then constrained to those localities which conform to the desired predetermined characteristics in stage 40. As a result the imaging process can be used to identify and concentrate on localities of interest and data from other localities can be jettisoned. Consequently, the image analysis is able to concentrate its resources on the tissues of interest and a higher resolution final image can be produced.

It will be appreciated that in many cases two types of tissue may be superimposed, of which only one of the tissues is of interest. In this case it is of equal importance both to exclude the one tissue that is not of interest and to include the tissue that is of interest. It may be that the best marker for one tissue may not be the best marker for the other tissue. The system as described with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5 may be adapted to use with two or more markers, as exemplified in FIG. 6. Each marker produces a radioactive particle of different energy level, and therefore the data from the different markers can be collected and summed separately to form different images. Mathematically the different data sets obtained from the different energy level signals may be treated as different dimensions of a multi-dimensional vector. For each of the marker-images the appropriate characteristics are used to identify the tissues of interest, and the results can be cross-checked between the different markers. The different tissues can be mapped and the image analysis can concentrate on the area of interest. As a result the system uses both time and particle energy as separate dimensions in addition to the spatial dimensions in order to characterize or map the tissues.

As a result the image analysis unit is able to produce a final result treating the various tissue regions as separate entities. Furthermore, as the system is aware of the regions as entities it is able to further direct the imaging process to concentrate on the regions of interest.

An example in which regions at least partially overlap is the heart. Generally, scans of the heart are interested in the muscular walls of the heart. Although the chambers of the heart are filled with blood, any signal coming from the blood is in fact noise to this kind of scan. It is therefore advantageous to carry out an imaging process which is able to positively identify signals from the muscular heart walls and at the same time exclude the blood.

Referring now to FIG. 6, and in a preferred embodiment, the patient ingests two markers, thalium 201 and technetium 99. The first of these is an effective blood marker and two successive thalium images are shown in FIGS. 6 a and 6 b, and the second is more effective at marking muscle tissue and two successive images thereof are shown in FIGS. 6 c and 6 d. The heart is imaged at intervals chosen both for the characteristic for thalium 201 in blood and for the characteristic of technetium 99 in muscle. The result is a series of images for each of the markers. The series for thalium 201 may be constrained to show the regions of blood quite clearly, and to filter out other regions. In here a blood vessel is shown clearly in 6 a and more faintly in 6 b where the thalium has mostly been flushed out. The series for technetium 99, FIGS. 6 c and 6 d show muscle wall structures. The first of the two images apparently shows larger structures but in fact all that it is showing is that much technetium has not yet been absorbed in the muscle. The second image 6 d may therefore be used to constrain the first image 6 c to show only the muscle walls regions. The two series of images may then be superimposed to filter out from the technetium 99 images 6 c and 6 d anything that appears strongly in the thalium images 6 a and 6 b. The filtering may additionally remove anything that appears strongly in both images as coming from outside the region.

In the above example, two regions were of respectively positive and negative interest, meaning one for concentrating on and the other for filtering out. It will be appreciated that several regions or several tissue types may be of positive interest or there may be any combination of regions with just one being of positive interest. Alternatively all regions may be of positive interest but importance may be attached to discriminating between the different signals from the different regions.

The system is able to use the mapping to generate an image comprising the different tissue regions as distinct entities. As a consequence of the mapping process, the system is able to be aware electronically of the different regions and thus control both the imaging head and the analysis unit to concentrate their resources on specific regions. The result is greater resolution for the regions of interest.

The preferred embodiments may be used to expand the information obtained from the markers, using either or both of examining the kinetics of the markers over time and using several markers concurrently.

In order to increase the specificity of the test, additional second substances (“secondary substances”), with reactivity and pharmaco-kinetics differing from those of the first substance can be used in order to enhance the differentiation between the different pathologies, as explained above with respect to FIG. 6. The secondary substance, in this case thalium, ideally marks only a subset of the population marked by the primary substance and does so at different rates. Such a difference exists because of different affinity to various cell types and different participation in metabolic reactions of different tissues. The difference is associated with the rate of marking and/or with the location of the marking.

Upon reading the radioactive signals emanating from the voxels stemming from different substances at different time instances, it is possible to build for every voxel a multi dimensional data matrix Sjk whose elements are intensity readings taken at instances K resulting from the interaction of Substance J. Examination of every voxel of tissue in this multidimensional space quantifies the temporal and specific reaction of the tissue to different substances and thus increases the probability of specific detection of different pathologies. Furthermore, standard image processing techniques can be used in order to more accurately define the spatial location of different pathologies.

In addition to the method above, spatial properties that reflect typical relationships between neighboring voxels may also be a criteria and represented as part of the pattern of the tissue type.

Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which illustrates an additional statistical approach. In FIG. 7, an automatic algorithm based on expected intensities may be used to determine if the entire organ or region is diseased or non-diseased. Once it is possible to become tissue-aware, as explained above, then it is no longer necessary to carry out such analysis on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Rather the system is able to determine where the organ lies say using a first marker and then a second marker may be imaged using the constraint of the organ location, the second marker being able to locate the presence of the pathology.

Reference is now made to FIG. 8 which illustrates a method for using the tissue aware properties of the present embodiments in order to tune detection to match tissue or organ emissivities. Generally, any region, no matter how much radiation it produces, can always be imaged sufficiently simply by leaving the measuring device in position for long enough. However, in many cases there may be limited time available. For such cases in which there is limited time for data acquisition, the present embodiments can be used to identify regions that may be expected to produce less emission. The system may then tune imaging resources or resolution onto those tissues according to the number of photons available. Clearly the more photons obtained the more reliable is the data, and therefore a tissue aware system is able to concentrate more detectors on the weaker signaling tissues.

If there are still not enough photons, or there are not enough detectors, then another way of pooling resources is to merge neighboring voxels (or regions). Such a procedure may reduce resolution, but will increase the overall number of photons for that merged region, and thus enable better classification of that region based on a more reliable photon count. Such a compromise enables analysis of the same collected data by ways that would allow high resolution where there are enough photons and lower resolutions where there are less while maintaining reliability of the analysis.

Again the tissue regions may be identified using multiple markers.

The above-described embodiment may lead to controlled sensitivity levels, currently not available with radioimaging.

The concept of using multiple antibodies can be used for therapy purposes, as in the following:

The specificity of a single antibody carrying a drug (or radioactive therapy) determines the chance for non-target tissue to receive the drug, and thus be subject to any toxicity of the drug. In cases where there are several antibodies, each with limited specificity, but with affinity to different ‘background’ tissue, a combination of antibodies may be used to improve the overall specificity, and thus to reduce overall toxicity and enable higher efficacy of treatment.

For example, if a first antibody (A1) based drug binds to the target N1 folds its affinity to the closest non-target tissue (B1), and a second antibody (A2) with similar drug has target affinity which is N2 folds higher than its closest non-target tissue (B2), then using a merged therapy will enable better target vs. non-target specificity, which is better than N1 and N2 (assuming B1 and B2 are different).

In a more generalized embodiment, the system may include a signal analysis module, including a library of patterns that are typical for every cell type. Each type of cells has one or more patterns associated with it, and the pattern determines how a set of markers injected according to a specific protocol (dosage, time, etc) may be expressed in that cell type. The analysis includes classification of the readings from each voxel based on correlation, or other statistical tools for assessing the most probable tissue classification for each voxel.

Since there may be several cell types for a given disease (e.g. cancer may show in several forms), the algorithm may be optimized to determine the exact tissue type per voxel or region. Alternatively, the algorithm may be optimized to determine the general property of diseased/non-diseased, while taking the specific classification only as a factor in the statistical analysis.

It should be noted that the system may allow for various protocols for administering the markers, where injection of the various markers may be simultaneous, or multiple injections at various times, as various markers have different lifetime in the circulation.

The issue of generating imaging using two or more markers is now considered mathematically.

An intensity distribution I, conventionally defined in terms of radioactive emissions per seconds, is now redefined as a vector of distributions over the volume U, forming our input space. Each dimension of the vector is a different one of the radiopharmaceuticals. The universal set U comprises a set of basic elements u (e.g., pixels in two dimensional spaces, voxels in three dimensional spaces), and I(u) is the intensity in a given basic element u ε U. For j radiopharmaceuticals this becomes I(u)(j,t) An inverse (or reconstruction) problem arises when one cannot sample directly from I, but can sample from a given set of views Φ. A projection φεΦ is defined by the set of probabilities {φ (u):uεU}, where φ (u) is the probability of detecting a radioactive emission from a voxel u, as defined by viewing parameters, such as the physical and geometrical properties of the detecting unit, as well as the attenuation parameters of the viewed volume U, and the time parameters. A measurement is obtained by choosing a view φεΦ, and then sampling according to the viewing parameters.

For j radiopharmaceuticals or markers and k detectors, the probability of seeing a particle becomes φjk (u)

In the following analysis, I is the intensity of a radioactive substance, and the viewing parameters include the geometrical properties of a collimated detecting unit and the detecting unit's position and orientation with respect to volume U. The number of radioactive emissions counted by the detecting unit within a time interval is a Poisson distribution, where φ (u) is the detection probability of a photon emitted from voxel uεU and the mean of the distribution is the weighted sum ΣuεU φ (u)I(u).

For the case of the kth detector a measurement Yk=ΣuεU Xt(u), where X(U) is a Poisson distribution. X(j,k,t)(u)=I(i,t)(u)·φ(u)jk(u).

Where Y(j,k,t)=ΣX(j,k,t)(u).

Hence Y(j,k,t))=Poisson (Y(j,k,t))

The projection set is thus defined by a matrix Φ, whose rows are the projections of the chosen views. I is a vector of densities (specified per each element in U), and ΦI is a vector of respective effective intensity levels for the views in the set. A vector of measurements y is obtained by a random sample from each view (according to the associated Poisson distribution). As discussed above, there are various known reconstruction methods that provide estimators for I given the projections Φ and the measurements y.

Using the above mathematics the problem is solved (an image created) one of the vectors say once an hour. The rates of change are determined. Simultaneously the problem is solved for another of the vectors at similar time intervals and the rates of change are determined. Then a stage of cross-identification is carried out between the two images, so that wanted tissues as identified by each image minus unwanted tissues identified by each image are concentrated on to form a new image. Cross-identification may be an iterative process.

In the example given above of the imaging of the heart using one blood marker and one muscular tissue marker, the areas identified by the blood marker are subtracted. The areas identified by the muscle marker are added, and those tissues not identified by either are likewise ignored as being signals from outside the target region.

The non-homogenous target area is typically a region of living tissue, generally belonging to a patient. The distinguishable regions within can be different tissues, different organs, a mixture of blood and organ tissue as with the above example of the heart, or tissue regions exhibiting differential pathologies.

It is expected that during the life of this patent many relevant markers, radiological imaging devices and two and three dimensional imaging systems will be developed and the scopes of the corresponding terms herein, are intended to include all such new technologies a priori.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for gamma radiation based imaging and analysis of a non-homogenous three dimensional (3D) target area having distinguishable regions therein, the apparatus comprising: an imaging circuit configured to obtain gamma radiation emission data from said 3D target area in the spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension in a single imaging session, to obtain one or more images; and an image multi-dimensional analysis circuit associated with said imaging circuit for analyzing said obtained one or more images in said spatial dimensions and said at least one other dimension in order to discern patterns across said dimensions; wherein said at least one other dimension is indicative of radiation data of at least one radiopharmaceutical in said 3D target area during said single imaging session.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising using said discerning in order to map respective distinguishable regions.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said obtaining said data of said spatial dimensions comprises obtaining three dimensional data by tomography.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said discerning said patterns comprises discerning tissue properties.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said tissue properties discerned comprise properties distinguishing between different types of tissue.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said tissue properties discerned comprise properties distinguishing between different tissue states.
 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said tissue properties discerned comprise properties distinguishing between active and nonactive tissue.
 8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said tissue properties discerned comprise properties distinguishing between healthy and diseased tissue.
 9. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said tissue properties discerned comprise properties allowing classification of disease severity.
 10. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said tissue properties discerned comprise physiological properties associated with marker kinetics.
 11. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said tissue properties discerned comprise properties associated with rate of change of marker intensities.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said discerning said patterns comprises discerning tissue properties according to a library of patterns.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said at least one other dimension is indicative of data of a plurality of radiopharmaceuticals in said 3D target area.
 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said data is kinetics data of at least one radiopharmaceutical.
 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said discerned patterns are used by said imaging circuit.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said discerned patterns are analyzed to identify tissue type to be used by said imaging circuit.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said discerned patterns are used by said imaging circuit to modify further acquisition by said imaging circuit.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said discerned patterns are used by said imaging circuit to modify reconstruction of said obtained one or more images by said imaging circuit.
 19. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said imaging circuit is a non-coincidence imaging circuit generating non-coincidence images.
 20. Apparatus for gamma radiation based imaging of a non-homogenous three dimensional (3D) target area having distinguishable voxels therein, the apparatus comprising: an imaging circuit configured to obtain gamma radiation emission data from said 3D target area in spatial dimensions and a time dimension in a single imaging session, as one or more images; and an image multi-dimensional analysis circuit associated with said imaging circuit for analyzing said obtained one or more images in said spatial dimensions and said time dimension in order to discern at least one property, during said single imaging session, from a time profile of a radiopharmaceutical marker in at least one of said distinguishable voxels.
 21. Apparatus for gamma radiation based imaging and analysis of a three dimensional (3D) target area, the apparatus comprising: an imaging circuit configured to obtain gamma radiation emission data from said 3D target area in spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension in a single imaging session, as one or more images; and an image multi-dimensional analysis circuit associated with said imaging circuit for analyzing said obtained one or more images in said spatial dimensions and said at least one other dimension in order to discern patterns within a respective target region; wherein said at least one other dimension is indicative of radiation data of at least one radiopharmaceutical in said respective target region during a single imaging session.
 22. Apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said 3D target area comprises at least two distinguishable regions and wherein said obtained emission data is from said distinguishable regions, and said analysis is to discern patterns with a respective one of said regions.
 23. Apparatus according to claim 22, wherein said analysis comprises obtaining kinetics data of said at least one radiopharmaceutical in a respective region.
 24. Apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said kinetics data is related to a combination of radiopharmaceuticals in said respective region.
 25. Apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said analysis is of a plurality of radiopharmaceuticals of which at least one is analyzed for its kinetic properties.
 26. Apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said obtained emission data comprises emission data of an isotope associated with said respective regions over a plurality of time points.
 27. Apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said obtained emission data comprises emission data of a plurality of isotopes associated with said respective regions.
 28. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein said emission data of said plurality of isotopes comprises data obtained during at least one member of the group consisting of an uptake state of said isotopes, a lowering state of said isotopes, and a saturation state of said isotopes.
 29. Apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said analysis further comprises comparing between respective regions.
 30. Apparatus according to claim 29, wherein said comparing comprises further improving reconstruction by emphasizing features of interest.
 31. Apparatus according to claim 29, wherein said comparing comprises at least one member of the group consisting of: comparing ratio between regions, comparing ratio between isotopes, comparing by ratio between time points, comparing absolute difference between regions, comparing absolute difference between isotopes, comparing absolute difference between time points, and comparing using statistical tools.
 32. Apparatus according to claim 21, wherein respective regions are imaged at least twice, at least two tissue types being identified in each region, and comprising at least one member of the group consisting of: a) image data of one tissue type being added between said images, thereby to emphasize said tissue type, and b) image data of one tissue type being subtracted between said images thereby to de-emphasize said tissue type, thereby to produce a new image that emphasizes said added tissue type or de-emphasizes said subtracted tissue type.
 33. Apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said emission data comprises data from at least two radiopharmaceuticals, said at least two radiopharmaceuticals forming a cocktail, and wherein said analysis comprises a multi-dimensional reconstruction including treating emission data from respectively different pharmaceuticals as at least one other dimension.
 34. Apparatus according to claim 21, further comprising using said analysis for a three dimensional reconstruction.
 35. Apparatus according to claim 21, further comprising using said analysis for a 3 dimensional reconstruction with a time dimension.
 36. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said at least one other dimension is indicative of data of a plurality of radiopharmaceuticals in said 3D target area.
 37. A method of optimization of therapy of the human or animal body, comprising: identifying a three dimensional (3D) target region for said therapy; applying to a patient at least one radioactive marker; obtaining gamma radiation emission data from said 3D target region in spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension during a single imaging session, as one or more images; and analyzing said obtained one or more images in spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension in order to discern patterns across said dimensions, thereby to characterize said 3D target region, and optimizing said therapy based on said characterization.
 38. Apparatus for multi-dimensional image reconstruction based on data acquired from an imaging circuit for obtaining gamma radiation intensity data from a three dimensional (3D) target region in spatial dimensions and at least one other dimension, the apparatus comprising: an image four-dimension analysis circuit configured to analyze said obtained intensity data in said spatial dimension and said at least one other dimension during a single imaging session, as one or more images, in order to map at least one distinguishable region in terms of a property, said property being that of at least one member of the group consisting of a tissue, a disease, a disease stage and a physiological process; wherein said at least one other dimension is indicative of radiation data of at least one radiopharmaceutical in said target area during said single imaging session.
 39. Apparatus according to claim 38, wherein said analysis circuit is configured to infer said property through at least one member of the group consisting of a kinetic property of a marker, and a kinetic property of a group of markers.
 40. Apparatus according to claim 38, wherein said property is a type or a pattern of a given tissue. 